Difference Between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are two fundamental types of cells that make up living organisms. They differ in several key ways:
Cellular Structure:
Prokaryotic Cells: These cells lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is located in a region called the nucleoid.
Eukaryotic Cells: Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus that contains the genetic material. They also possess various membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and more.
Nucleus:
Prokaryotic Cells: They lack a true nucleus. Instead, their genetic material floats freely in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic Cells: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that houses the DNA within a nuclear envelope, separating it from the cytoplasm.
Size:
Prokaryotic Cells: Typically smaller, with a size range of 1-5 micrometers.
Eukaryotic Cells: Generally larger, with sizes ranging from 10-100 micrometers.
Membrane-Bound Organelles:
Prokaryotic Cells: Lack membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
Eukaryotic Cells: Contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions, contributing to the complexity of eukaryotic cellular processes.
Reproduction:
Prokaryotic Cells: Reproduce mainly through binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Eukaryotic Cells: Reproduce through various processes, including mitosis (asexual reproduction) and meiosis (sexual reproduction).
Cell Division:
Prokaryotic Cells: Divide by binary fission, a relatively simple process without spindle fibers or distinct stages.
Eukaryotic Cells: Divide by mitosis (for growth, development, and tissue repair) or meiosis (for gamete formation), involving complex processes with distinct stages.
Cytoskeleton:
Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a well-developed cytoskeleton.
Eukaryotic Cells: Have a dynamic cytoskeleton composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, which contribute to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport.
Flagella and Cilia:
Prokaryotic Cells: If present, their flagella have a different structure compared to those of eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic Cells: Flagella and cilia have a more complex structure, often with a "9 + 2" arrangement of microtubules.
Examples:
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria and archaea are examples of prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic Cells: Plant, animal, fungal, and protist cells are examples of eukaryotic cells.
These differences in cellular structure and organization result in distinct modes of functioning between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, contributing to the diversity and complexity of life forms.
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